Otherwise, if done when trees are susceptible to the disease, machines could potentially spread the disease across an entire orchard. Results from the most comprehensive survey for the country determined that fire blight is widely spread and the pathogen was found in 370 localities representing all administrative districts. Learn how to identify and get rid of fire blight disease using these proven, organic and natural methods. In Alberta, fireblight is common on: apple, crabapple, pear, mountain ash, hawthorn, Saskatoon, cotoneaster, raspberry, plum, mayday and spirea. Then, several weeks after the petals drop, young leaves and stems will turn brown or black and bend over. Fire blight is most severe before and during bloom when spring temperatures are warmer than average. Avoid heavy pruning or excess applications of nitrogen fertilizer, both of which encourage new growth. Fire blight was first observed in 1780 and recorded in 1794 by Denning on apples in New York. Cut off all branches at least 12 inches below the last branch that is wilted and discolored. 0. The bacteria E. amylovorais found in most areas of the province where apples are gr that may enter the tree through the blossoms, leaves, or stem wounds. Fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, is the most serious bacterial disease of pear and apple trees. Dispose of the branches in an area that is at least 100 feet away from the tree. On warm days, these lesions ooze an orange-brown liquid. Enter the password that accompanies your e-mail or user number. Fire blight outbreaks often happen after events like hail, strong winds or heavy rain. Its most commonly spread through: Rainfall that splashes bacteria onto nearby leaves, particularly during a hard rain or windy conditions Spray irrigation that waters affected trees and shrubs The bacteria that causes fire blight can be spread from plant to plant by insects, from splashing rain, and from using gardening tools, such as pruning shears, that carry the bacterial pathogens that cause fire blight. When it rains, water hits the ground, splashing soil and spores onto the lower leaves of plants, where the disease shows its earliest symptoms. Copyright 2020 International Society for Horticultural Science. And yet the early symptoms look pretty innocent - leaves go brown at the tips of the tree's branches and sometimes the branch curves into a hook shape. Fire blight is a serious disease causing considerable damage and economic losses in apple and pear. How Fire Blight Spreads Throughout winter, the bacteria (Erwinia amylovora) live in infected branches and sunken cankers (areas of bark killed by bacteria). Blossom wilt, spur blight and wither tip caused by the brown-rot fungus also kill shoot tips, but do not spread far down the branches or produce cankers or red-brown staining on the branches. Fire blight usually starts with the blossoms or flowers and moves into the twigs and branches causing infected twigs to bend over, creating a shepherds crook appearance. Most years in the UK are too cold at blossom time for infections to occur and the disease is usually of relatively minor importance. Streptomycin and oxytetracycline are registered in the United States for control of fire blight. Fire blight starts with abscesses that form on tree trunks and branches that ooze a watery, light-tan bacterial liquid. Rain, wind, and pruning tools will spread fire blight from diseased to healthy trees. If you do cut during the growing season, remove all blighted twigs, branches, and cankers at least eight inches some sources recommend 12 inches below the last point of visible infection, and burn them. It attacks soft new growth first, so you would notice dieback at the top of the plant. The maximum risk of exposure to this bacterium is late spring or early summer as it emerges from dormancy. The sticky substance attracts aphids, ants, bees, beetles, and flies. Fire blight is difficult to control, especially in warm moist weather conditions. In New Mexico, the disease is most common on apple, pear, crabapple, pyracantha, photinia, and cotoneaster. Bacteria are spread to blossoms by insects (for example flies, honeybees) and splashing rain. Fire Blight can spread from an infected plant to healthy plant by rain, insects, wind, and pruning tools. The disease spread rapidly south and westward across the American continent and north into Canada. But if its over 75, the conditions are right for the spore to enter the flower and get into the vascular system and it moves through the orchard faster. The disease is caused by a bacterium, Erwinia amylovora (Burrill), which infects hosts in the Rosaeceae family. How to Recognize Blight in Your Trees. Fire blight is named for the burned look of leaves on infected trees as it destroys fruit, leaves, and branches and can even kill susceptible trees. Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is one of the oldest known bacterial diseases of plants. Grow beautiful, disease-free fruits, vegetables and flowers - without chemicals! Fire Blight Spreads Northward, Threatening Apple Orchards December 4, 2019 smartblogs 120 Views 0 Comments Science GENEVA, N.Y. Across the country, hundreds of kinds of apples were meticulously developed by orchardists over the last couple of centuries and then, as farms and groves were abandoned and commercial production greatly narrowed the number of varieties for sale, many were Avoid planting close to wild plants of hawthorn, apple or pear. Select resistant varieties whenever possible. What does fire blight look like? Fire Blight on Roses. In spring, when temperatures frequently reach 65 degrees Fahrenheit, the bacteria multiply rapidly. Fire blight can kill branches, create water-soaked flowers, discolor leaves and bark, and even kill entire plants. Hailstorms can infect an entire orchard in a few minutes, and growers do not wait until symptoms appear, normally beginning control measures within a few hours. In the early stages of infection, the flowers will look watersoaked and then turn brown or black. Severely attacked trees appear to have been scorched by fire. Dip, Bacterialspread can be reduced by applications of products that contain. It affects only plants in the rose family (Rosaceae). Injured tissue is also highly susceptible to infection, including punctures and tears caused by plant-sucking or biting insects. From: The disease enters the tree at the tips of the branches and then travels down the stems causing dieback. The pome-producing species in the rose family are susceptible to fire blight. Fire blight is a really infectious disease, so picking the right time frames for mechanical thinning and pruning makes a difference, said Cox. Plant Diseases. These events can damage the tree and create wounds where the bacteria can enter. Where does fire blight come from? Named for the scorched appearance of infected leaves, fire blight is a destructive bacterial disease (Erwinia amylovora) found on apples, pears and other members of the rose family. At warmer temperatures, fire blight is much more virulent. The bacteria overwinters in infected bark and is spread by splashing rain, dew, wind and insects. FIRE BLIGHT SPREAD IN BULGARIA AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PATHOGEN, spread, hosts, cross inoculations, API 20E, PCR, SSR, International Society for Horticultural Science, https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.896.17, XII International Workshop on Fire Blight, Division Tropical and Subtropical Fruit and Nuts, Division Protected Cultivation and Soilless Culture, Division Postharvest and Quality Assurance, Division Physiology and Plant-Environment Interactions of Horticultural Crops in Field Systems, 896_1 REFLECTIONS ON FIRE BLIGHT AND QUESTIONS. S.G. Bobev, J. van Vaerenbergh, R. Tahzima, M. Maes, Bobev, S.G., van Vaerenbergh, J., Tahzima, R. and Maes, M. (2011). Fire blight kills blossoms, shoots, limbs and sometimes, the entire tree. Fire blight enters the tree through the flower and if it lands on a flower in bloom with temps in the 60s, it cant enter, Mr. Richardson of Tower Hill mentioned. Fire blight can be transmitted in a variety of ways. Fire blight spreads north, threatening orchards Becoming resistant to antibiotics: Disease affecting old and new varieties . By the mid 1800's, fire blight reached the Midwestern states of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and caused severe injury to apple and pear. When temperatures warm up in the spring, the bacteria ooze out of the cankers. Blossoms, leaves, twigs, and branches of plants affected by fire blight can Usually the disease is spread by bacteria that overwinter in holdover cankers in the main stem and branches or infected twigs. Fire blight bacteria is spread through various easily means such as rain or water splashing, insects and birds, other infected plants, and unclean gardening tools. The primary mode of transmission is through pollinating insects that act as a vector and transmit the bacteria by picking it up from an infected tree and transmitting it to a susceptible tree during blossom season. It may also help to avoid overhead irrigation, as water splashing is one of the most commo The disease will spread downward through the plant and can ulitimate kill it very quickly. Copper blossom sprays can be applied when plants first begin to flower but are of As soon as fire blight is discovered, prune off infected branches 1 foot below the diseased sections and burn them to prevent further infection. As the disease lingers, the older wood and branches will become affected. December 5, 2019. in Americas. Trees will also develop reddish water soaked lesions on the bark. In spring they multiply and ooze out in droplets. by Jim Robbins. Prune all branches with fire blight off with shears. 1 The disease requires moisture to progress, so when dew or rain comes in contact with fungal spores in the soil, they reproduce. A The bacteria overwinter on the bark round the edges of cankers. Under favourable conditions the infections spread rapidly down the inner bark at up to 5cm (2in) per day, staining the cambium a foxy reddish-brown colour. After each cut, the Initially, the disease enters the tree through openings such as flowers, and by insects, usually in the new growth. Blight spreads by fungal spores that are carried by insects, wind, water and animals from infected plants, and then deposited on soil. Fire blight is caused by a bacterium (Erwinia amylovora [Burrill] Windslow et al.) The bacterium can survive the winter in sunken cankers on infected branches. It attacks soft new growth first, so you would notice dieback at the top of the plant. The disease enters the tree at the tips of the branches and then travels down the stems causing dieback. GENEVA, N.Y. Across the country, hundreds of kinds of apples were meticulously developed by orchardists over the last couple of centuries and then, as farms and groves were abandoned and commercial production greatly narrowed the number of varieties for sale, many were It spreads rapidly in moist, warm weather, especially during bloom. If you don't catch it early on, this disease can not only kill your tree, but it can also spread to other trees nearby. Honeybees and other insects, birds, rain and wind can transmit the bacterium to susceptible tissue. The bacteria survive the winter in cankers on already-infected branches. In spring, the bacteria ooze out of the cankers and attract bees and other insects. Raspberry can be infected by fire blight bacteria, but the raspberry strain cannot infect apple, pear or ornamental plants. Fire blight spreads throughout a tree and to nearby trees very easily. Fire blight is a bacterial disease. The host plants include quince, crab apple, hawthorn, cotoneaster, mountain ash and firethorn. Unfortunately, there is no cure for fire blight; therefore, the best fire blight remedies are regular pruning and removal of any infected stems or branches. This liquid turns dark after exposure to air and can leave long, dark streaks. Warm rainy springs and open wounds allow rapid spread of the disease. Infected wood should be removed in late summer, fall, or winter, when the bacteria are not actively spreading. Honey bees and other insects then spread the disease as they pollinate apple blossoms. Fireblight is a destructive disease that attacks more than 75 different species of plants, all of which are in the Rosaceae family. This one-stop fungus fighter works from root to leaf with a concentratedformula. How Do I Know If I Have Fire Blight? Fireblight can be spread from diseased to healthy plants by rain, wind, and pruning tools. Q How does fireblight spread? However, infection has almost certainly extended beyond what the grower sees; therefore, it is all too easy to spread the disease by trying to prune it out during the growing season. Named for the scorched appearance of infected leaves, fire blight is a destructive bacterial disease (Erwinia amylovora) found on apples, pears and other members of the rose family. Fire Blight Spreads Northward, Threatening Apple Orchards. Fire blight bacteria overwinter in cankers or strikes on host trees. Pest Problem Solver Insects also help spread the disease to healthy plants. Temperatures between 75 and 82 F and humidity above 60 percent allow the bacteria to reproduce and spread. An eco-friendly systemic for use on turf, fruit trees, vegetables and more! Streptomycin was an effective chemical for the management of fire blight until pathogenic strains resistant to the antibiotic emerged in several pome fruit growing regions. Most infected leaves and branch tips wilt rapidly turn brown or black; the leaves die but do not drop off. 896_2 EPPO'S FUTURE EMPHASIS: PREVENTION OR ERADICATION? Fire blight in Bulgaria and Erwinia amylovora strains were subjects of field observations and laboratory tests within a 21-year period (1989-2009). In the spring, the bacteria can multiply very quickly, causing the surfaces of cankers to ooze bacteria. Enter your International Society for Horticultural Science e-mail or user number. 896_3 AN ANALYSIS OF THE ERWINIA AMYLOVORA PAN-GENOME IDENTIFIES NOVEL CHROMOSOMAL TARGETS FOR MOLECULAR DIAGNOSTICS, 896_4 DETECTION OF PLANT-ASSOCIATED ERWINIA AND PANTOEA SPECIES BY MALDI-TOF MASS SPECTROSCOPY AND WITH NOVEL PCR PRIMERS, 896_5 EMISSION OF VOLATILES DURING THE PATHOGENIC INTERACTION BETWEEN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA AND MALUS DOMESTICA, 896_6 IDENTIFICATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA USING FATTY ACID ANALYSIS AND BIOLOG, 896_7 DETECTION OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA IN ORCHARDS USING QUANTITATIVE PCR AND LATERAL-FLOW IMMUNOGRAPHY, 896_8 VOLATILE COMPOUNDS PRODUCED BY ERWINIA AMYLOVORA AND THEIR POTENTIAL EXPLOITATION FOR BACTERIAL IDENTIFICATION, 896_9 DETECTION OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA BY PCR WITH PRIMERS TO THE HRPN GENE, 896_10 DIFFERENTIATION OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA AND E. PYRIFOLIAE STRAINS WITH SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS AND BY SYNTHESIS OF DIHYDROPHENYLALANINE, 896_11 ERWINIA AMYLOVORA CRISPR ELEMENTS PROVIDE NEW TOOLS FOR EVALUATING DIVERSITY AND MICROBIAL SOURCE TRACKING, 896_12 RECORD OF PAST ENCOUNTERS WITH PHAGES AND PLASMIDS DELIVERS NEW INSIGHTS ABOUT THE ORIGIN AND DISPERSAL OF FIRE BLIGHT PATHOGEN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA, 896_13 IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF VARIABLE NUMBER OF TANDEM REPEATS IN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA GENOME, 896_14 MALDI-TOF MASS SPECTROMETRY AS A TOOL FOR RAPID IDENTIFICATION AND CLUSTERING ANALYSIS OF FIRE BLIGHT BIOCONTROL PANTOEA STRAINS AND THE GENUS PANTOEA, 896_15 PLASMID CONTENT OF ISOLATES OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA FROM ORCHARDS IN WASHINGTON AND OREGON IN THE USA, 896_16 SEARCH FOR PEI70 WITHIN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA STRAINS FROM BULGARIA, 896_17 FIRE BLIGHT SPREAD IN BULGARIA AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PATHOGEN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA, 896_18 GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF BELARUSIAN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA STRAINS, 896_19 ATTACHMENT STRUCTURES CONTRIBUTE TO BIOFILM FORMATION AND XYLEM COLONIZATION OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA, 896_20 INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE BY SALICYLIC ACID AGAINST FIRE BLIGHT IN APPLE AND PEAR, 896_21 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RCSC SENSOR KINASE FROM ERWINIA AMYLOVORA AND OTHER ENTEROBACTERIA, 896_22 GENE EXPRESSION IN THE QUARANTINE PEST ERWINIA AMYLOVORA DURING APPLE FLOWER-INFECTION, 896_23 EVOLUTION AND FUNCTION OF FLAGELLAR AND NON-FLAGELLAR TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEMS IN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA, 896_24 THE HRPN PROTEIN OF THE PLANT PATHOGEN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA, WHICH PARTICIPATES TO TYPE III SECRETION TRANSLOCATION, TRIGGERS CALLOSE DEPOSITION ON APPLE LEAVES, 896_25 REGULATORY GENES AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATION OF AMYLOVORAN BIOSYNTHESIS IN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA, 896_26 DELETION OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA FLAGELLAR MOTOR PROTEIN GENES MOTAB ALTERS BIOFILM FORMATION AND VIRULENCE IN APPLE, 896_27 TYPE VI SECRETION SYSTEMS IN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA CFBP 1430, 896_28 THE ROLE OF CHLOROPLASTS IN THE INTERACTION BETWEEN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA AND HOST PLANTS, 896_29 INVESTIGATING THE VIRULENCE OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA ISOLATES BY USING APPLE TISSUE CULTURE AND PEAR FRUIT, 896_30 THE GENOME SEQUENCE OF PANTOEA VAGANS BIOCONTROL STRAIN C9-1, 896_31 APPLE (MALUS DOMESTICA) TRANSCRIPTOME IN RESPONSE TO THE COMPATIBLE PATHOGEN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA AND THE INCOMPATIBLE PATHOGEN PSEUDOMONAS SYRINGAE, 896_32 FINE MAPPING OF FIRE BLIGHT RESISTANCE LOCUS IN MALUS ROBUSTA 5 ON LINKAGE GROUP 3, 896_33 TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS OF APPLE BLOSSOM AFTER CHALLENGING WITH FIRE BLIGHT PATHOGEN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA WILD TYPE AND MUTANT STRAINS, 896_34 THE ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSCRIPTION LEVELS OF DIVERSE SOD, APX AND CAT ISOFORMS IN PYRUS COMMUNIS 'CONFERENCE' AFTER INFECTION WITH ERWINIA AMYLOVORA, 896_35 INSIGHTS INTO EVOLUTION FROM COMPARATIVE GENOMICS OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA AND RELATED SPECIES, 896_36 MICROARRAY CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HRPL REGULON OF THE FIRE BLIGHT PATHOGEN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA, 896_37 GENOME COMPARISON OF THE PATHOGENS ERWINIA AMYLOVORA AND E. PYRIFOLIAE WITH THE FIRE BLIGHT ANTAGONISTS E. BILLINGIAE AND E. TASMANIENSIS, 896_38 EFFECT OF WETNESS ON BLOSSOM INFECTIONS BY ERWINIA AMYLOVORA - IMPACT ON FORECASTING MODELS, 896_39 RECOVERY OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA VIABLE BUT NON-CULTURABLE CELLS IN PEAR PLANTLETS, 896_40 FIRST OCCURRENCE OF FIRE BLIGHT ON APRICOT (PRUNUS ARMENIACA) IN CZECH REPUBLIC, 896_41 SUMMER OUTBREAKS OF FIRE BLIGHT IN TREE NURSERIES IN SOUTH ALBERTA, CANADA, 896_42 COLONIZATION OF PEAR PLANTLETS INOCULATED WITH ERWINIA AMYLOVORA BY SOIL IRRIGATION, 896_43 DESCRIPTION AND PRELIMINARY VALIDATION OF RIMPRO-ERWINIA, A NEW MODEL FOR FIRE BLIGHT FORECAST, 896_44 SPREAD OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA IN APPLE AND PEAR TREES OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS AFTER ARTIFICIAL INOCULATION, 896_45 COUGARBLIGHT 2010, A SIGNIFICANT UPDATE OF THE COUGARBLIGHT FIRE BLIGHT INFECTION RISK MODEL, 896_46 CORRELATION BETWEEN FIRE BLIGHT RESISTANCE AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEAR (PYRUS COMMUNIS L.), 896_47 CORRELATION OF VEGETATIVE TRAITS WITH FIRE BLIGHT RESISTANCE IN IRANIAN AND IMPORTED APPLE CULTIVARS, 896_48 TESTING OF RESISTANCE OF PEAR CULTIVARS AFTER ARTIFICIAL INOCULATION WITH ERWINIA AMYLOVORA IN FIELD CONDITIONS, 896_49 INOCULATION OF MALUS ROBUSTA 5 PROGENY WITH A STRAIN BREAKING RESISTANCE TO FIRE BLIGHT REVEALS A MINOR QTL ON LG5, 896_50 SUSCEPTIBILITY OF BELARUSIAN APPLE AND PEAR CULTIVARS TO FIRE BLIGHT, 896_51 FIRE BLIGHT GREENHOUSE-RESISTANCE ASSESSMENTS OF PEAR GENOTYPES ORIGINATING FROM DIFFERENT EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, 896_52 QTLS FOR FIRE BLIGHT (ERWINIA AMYLOVORA) RESISTANCE IN PYRUS USSURIENSIS, 896_53 DEVELOPMENT OF IN VITRO SYSTEM FOR TESTING OF POME FRUIT RESISTANCE TO FIRE BLIGHT, 896_54 TESTING OF RESISTANCE TO ERWINIA AMYLOVORA IN AN IN VITRO CULTURE ASSAY, 896_55 BREEDING FOR FIRE BLIGHT RESISTANCE IN APPLE, 896_56 FIRE BLIGHT RESISTANCE FROM 'EVERESTE' AND MALUS SIEVERSII USED IN BREEDING FOR NEW HIGH QUALITY APPLE CULTIVARS: STRATEGIES AND RESULTS, 896_57 SELECTION FOR FIRE BLIGHT RESISTANCE OF APPLE GENOTYPES ORIGINATING FROM EUROPEAN GENETIC RESOURCES AND BREEDING PROGRAMS, 896_58 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS OF FIRE BLIGHT: SUCCESSES AND CHALLENGES, 896_59 PROPERTIES OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA PHAGES FROM NORTH AMERICA AND GERMANY AND THEIR POSSIBLE USE TO CONTROL FIRE BLIGHT, 896_60 INTERACTION OF VIRAL AND BACTERIAL LYSOZYMES WITH ERWINIA AMYLOVORA AND THEIR INHIBITION BY A BACTERIAL PROTEIN, 896_61 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF PANTOEA AGGLOMERANS BIOCONTROL STRAIN E325 IN SWISS ORCHARDS, 896_62 DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES FOR FIRE BLIGHT CONTROL IN ORGANIC FRUIT GROWING, 896_63 ANTAGONISTIC INTERACTION BETWEEN THE BIOCONTROL AGENT BLIGHTBAN C9-1 AND THE PLANT DEFENSE ELICITOR ACTIGARD, 896_64 INTEGRATED CONTROL OF FIRE BLIGHT IN A PEAR ORCHARD IN TURKEY USING PROHEXADIONE-CA AND BACTERIAL ANTAGONISTS, 896_65 BACTERIOPHAGES AS BIOPESTICIDES: ROLE OF BACTERIAL EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES, 896_66 CONTROL OF FIRE BLIGHT BY BACTERIOPHAGES ON APPLE FLOWERS, 896_67 EVIDENCE THAT ANTIBIOTIC OF PANTOEA AGGLOMERANS E325 IS PRODUCED AND ACTIVE AGAINST ERWINIA AMYLOVORA ON STIGMAS OF POMACEOUS BLOSSOMS, 896_68 SURVIVAL OF PANTOEA AGGLOMERANS E325 AS FIRE BLIGHT BIOCONTROL AGENT WHEN OSMOADAPTED IN HIGH-SALINE MEDIUM, 896_69 PSEUDOMONAS GRAMINIS AS A BIOCONTROL AGENT OF FIRE BLIGHT, 896_70 EFFICACY OF SOME PLANT EXTRACTS ON THE GROWTH OF STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANT AND SENSITIVE ISOLATES OF ERWINIA AMYLOVORA, 896_71 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AND IMPACT OF STREPTOMYCIN USE ON ORCHARD BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES, 896_72 PHENOLIC PROFILE AND PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY IN APPLE LEAVES AFTER ERWINIA AMYLOVORA INFECTION AND BTH TREATMENT, 896_73 PHYTOTOXICITY ON APPLE FLOWERS OF COPPER FORMULATIONS APPLIED FOR THE CONTROL OF BLOSSOM BLIGHT, 896_74 STATUS OF FIRE BLIGHT (ERWINIA AMYLOVORA) DISEASE IN ROMANIA: DISTRIBUTION, PATHOGEN CHARACTERIZATION AND DISEASE CONTROL, 896_75 EFFECT OF ACIBENZOLAR-S-METHYL AND RAHNELLA AQUATILIS (RA39) ON FIRE BLIGHT OF APPLE PLANTS, 896_76 KASUMIN: FIELD RESULTS FOR FIRE BLIGHT MANAGEMENT AND EVALUATION OF THE POTENTIAL FOR SPONTANEOUS RESISTANCE DEVELOPMENT IN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA, 896_77 ESTIMATION OF PANTOEA AGGLOMERANS E325 STIGMA SURVIVAL DURING THINNING PROGRAMS USING DECISION ANALYSIS TOOLS, 896_78 INDUCTION OF PLANT DEFENSE REACTIONS ON FRUIT TREES AS PART OF A FIRE BLIGHT CONTROL STRATEGY IN THE ORCHARD, 896_79 A MECHANISTIC INVESTIGATION INTO THE INHIBITION OF GROWTH AND BIOFILM FORMATION IN ERWINIA AMYLOVORA BY NON-PROTEIN AMINO ACIDS, 896_80 BIPHENYL AND DIBENZOFURAN FORMATION IN FIRE BLIGHT-INFECTED MALUS DOMESTICA CULTIVARS. 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